Table of Contents
- Current evidence position
- Key safety points
- Brad's videos on this topic
- Overview
- Forms and Bioavailability
- Evidence for Health Benefits
- Recommended Dosing
- Safety and Side Effects
- Drug Interactions
- Dietary Sources
- References
Current evidence position
Brad has not made a video on this topic; this is a summary of the evidence, not his view. A 2024 meta-analysis of 22 randomised trials found that pomegranate lowered systolic blood pressure by 7.87 mmHg and diastolic by 3.23 mmHg, with large differences between studies [10], and NIH says additional research is needed to confirm the effect [2]. A second 2024 meta-analysis of 32 trials found small falls in fasting glucose (2.22 mg/dL), fasting insulin and HbA1c (0.22%) [16], but a 2025 meta-analysis of 34 trials found no significant change in HbA1c [38]. Two reviews found no clear effect on cholesterol or other blood fats [13, 14]. In men with a rising PSA after prostate cancer treatment, pomegranate extract did not lengthen PSA doubling time more than placebo [19]. Pomegranate juice is believed to be safe and the extract may be, but some people get digestive symptoms or allergic reactions, and the root, stem and peel may not be safe in large amounts [2].
Key safety points
- Warfarin: one woman's INR fell below target after she stopped drinking pomegranate juice [33]. If you take warfarin, ask your doctor before starting or stopping pomegranate.
- Three men developed priapism (a prolonged, painful erection) after taking sildenafil with pomegranate juice [26]. Priapism needs urgent treatment: call your local emergency number (111 in NZ, 000 in Australia, 911 in the US, 999 in the UK) or go to the emergency department.
- A man on rosuvastatin developed severe muscle breakdown three weeks after starting pomegranate juice; the case report's authors suggested the juice may raise this risk [29]. If you take a statin, ask your doctor before drinking pomegranate juice regularly.
- Allergic reactions have been reported [2, 30]. If you get swelling of the face, lips or tongue, or trouble breathing, call your local emergency number (111 in NZ, 000 in Australia, 911 in the US, 999 in the UK) or go to the emergency department.
- Because pomegranate may reduce blood pressure [9, 10], it could add to blood pressure medicines. Ask your doctor if you take them.
- The root, stem and peel may not be safe in large amounts. Juice may be safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding; little is known about other forms [2].
- Diarrhea was reported in 1.9% of men in the 1 g extract group and 13.5% in the 3 g group [20].
Brad's videos on this topic
None yet.
1. Overview
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) grows on a small fruit-bearing tree that comes from the Middle East and is now grown in many regions, including the Mediterranean, Southeast Asia and the southwestern United States [2]. In traditional medicine it was used for intestinal parasites, diarrhea, sore throat and other conditions, taken by mouth, applied to the skin or used as a gargle [2]. It is now promoted for high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes, and many of the human studies used juice rather than supplements [2].
Pomegranate juice contains polyphenols, including anthocyanins, ellagic acid derivatives and hydrolysable tannins such as punicalagin [31]. In a laboratory comparison, commercial pomegranate juices had antioxidant activity about three times higher than red wine and a green tea infusion [31]. Antioxidant activity in a test tube does not by itself show a health benefit in people.
The arils (the juicy seed coats) supply fiber, vitamin C, vitamin K, folate, potassium and copper; amounts are in the nutrition table below [4].
2. Forms and Bioavailability
Pomegranate is sold as juice, juice concentrate and extract supplements, usually capsules or tablets.
Pomegranate Juice
Commercial juices pressed from whole pomegranates contained 1500 to 1900 mg/L of punicalagin, while juice made from the arils alone held only traces, because industrial pressing draws tannins out of the rind [31]. An 8-ounce daily serving of Wonderful variety juice used in one prostate cancer trial supplied 570 mg of total polyphenols (as gallic acid equivalents) [18].
Pomegranate Juice Concentrate
Concentrate is juice with much of its water removed, diluted before drinking. Diluted to the strength the label gives, it should be similar to juice.
Pomegranate Extract (Supplements)
Extract trials used 1 g capsules [21] or 1 or 3 g doses of POMx extract [20]. Extracts avoid the sugar in juice, but they may not act the same way: in a crossover trial in healthy adults, juice blunted the post-meal glucose rise from bread while a polyphenol-rich extract did not [7].
Polyphenol Content Comparison
Polyphenol content differs by product. The 8-ounce daily juice serving in one prostate cancer trial held 570 mg of total polyphenols [18], and extract trials used 1 g capsules [21].
Key Bioactive Compounds
Punicalagin: A tannin from the rind, found at 1500 to 1900 mg/L in commercial juices pressed from whole fruit [31].
Ellagic acid: Released when ellagitannins such as punicalagin break down after they are eaten [5].
Urolithins: Gut bacteria convert ellagic acid into urolithin A and related compounds [5]. In mice, these metabolites concentrated in the prostate, colon and intestine, and in men taking pomegranate extract, urolithin A was found more often in urine and blood than in men on placebo [5, 21].
Anthocyanins: Plant pigments, also measured in pomegranate juices [31].
Bioavailability Considerations
After it is eaten, punicalagin breaks down to ellagic acid, which gut bacteria turn into urolithins [5]. Studies measure these breakdown products in blood and urine to judge how much reaches the body [5, 21].
3. Evidence for Health Benefits
Blood Pressure
Pomegranate juice may modestly lower blood pressure. In a small 2-week study of people with high blood pressure, 50 mL of juice a day lowered serum ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) activity by 36% and systolic pressure by 5% [8].
Meta-analysis of 8 trials: A 2017 meta-analysis of 8 placebo-controlled trials found that pomegranate juice lowered systolic pressure by 4.96 mmHg (95% CI -7.67 to -2.25) and diastolic by 2.01 mmHg (95% CI -3.71 to -0.31). The systolic fall held for trials shorter and longer than 12 weeks, and whatever the daily amount of juice (Sahebkar et al., Pharmacol Res, 2017) [9].
Updated 2024 systematic review: A 2024 meta-analysis of 22 randomised trials found falls of 7.87 mmHg systolic (95% CI -10.34 to -5.39) and 3.23 mmHg diastolic (95% CI -5.37 to -1.09). People who started with systolic pressure above 130 mmHg had larger falls. Results varied widely between studies, and the authors called for better-quality trials (Bahari et al., Phytother Res, 2024) [10].
NCCIH assessment: The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health states that pomegranate juice or extract "may be helpful in reducing blood pressure, but additional research is needed to confirm this effect" [2].
Atherosclerosis and Arterial Health
The evidence here comes from small trials.
Carotid intima-media thickness (1-year trial): In 10 patients with carotid artery stenosis, a year of pomegranate juice reduced common carotid intima-media thickness by up to 30%, while it rose by 9% in a control group that did not drink the juice. Systolic pressure fell by 12% after a year. Five patients continued for up to 3 years with no further fall in artery thickness (Aviram et al., Clin Nutr, 2004) [11].
Myocardial perfusion (3-month trial): In a placebo-controlled trial of 45 patients with coronary heart disease and myocardial ischemia, 240 mL of pomegranate juice a day for 3 months reduced stress-induced ischemia (reduced blood flow to the heart muscle during stress), while it increased in the placebo group. The trial did not measure heart attacks (Sumner et al., Am J Cardiol, 2005) [12].
Cholesterol and Lipid Levels
The evidence does not support a benefit for cholesterol.
Meta-analysis of 12 trials (negative): A 2016 meta-analysis of 12 placebo-controlled trials (545 people) found no significant effect of pomegranate on blood lipids, and no link between the daily amount of juice and changes in total cholesterol, LDL, HDL or triglycerides (Sahebkar et al., Phytomedicine, 2016) [13].
Systematic review of RCTs (2020, negative): A 2020 review of 17 trials (763 people) found no significant effect on lipid levels and rated the evidence as low quality (Aziz et al., Complement Ther Med, 2020) [14].
NCCIH position: Studies have been done to see whether various products from pomegranate can influence levels of cholesterol and other lipids, "but no clear effects have been demonstrated" [2].
LDL oxidation: In the 3-year carotid study, the baseline oxidation of LDL fell by 90% after a year of juice [11]. Lower LDL oxidation is a different measure from lower LDL cholesterol, and whether it matters for heart disease remains unproven.
Blood Sugar and Diabetes
Post-meal blood sugar (juice vs. extract): In crossover trials of 16 healthy adults each, pomegranate juice taken with bread cut the glucose response by 33.1% compared with a control drink holding the same sugars. A polyphenol-rich pomegranate supplement did not, nor did a drink with the juice's fruit acids (Kerimi et al., Am J Clin Nutr, 2017) [7].
Fasting blood sugar in type 2 diabetes: In 85 people with type 2 diabetes, 1.5 mL of fresh juice per kg of body weight lowered fasting glucose 3 hours later. The fall was larger in people whose starting glucose was lower, and smaller in older patients (Banihani et al., Nutr Res, 2014) [15].
2024 meta-analysis of glycemic indices: A 2024 meta-analysis of 32 randomised trials found that pomegranate lowered several glucose measures:
- Fasting blood glucose: -2.22 mg/dL (95% CI: -3.95 to -0.50; P = 0.012)
- Fasting insulin: -1.06 mcU/mL (95% CI: -1.79 to -0.33; P = 0.004)
- HbA1c: -0.22% (95% CI: -0.43 to -0.01; P = 0.037)
- HOMA-IR: -0.30 (95% CI: -0.61 to -0.00; P = 0.046)
The authors called for longer trials (Bahari et al., Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2024) [16].
2025 meta-analysis (HbA1c not significant): A 2025 meta-analysis of 34 randomised trials (1500 participants) found falls in fasting glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR, but the change in HbA1c was not statistically significant (WMD 0.046, 95% CI -0.207 to 0.298, P = 0.723). So the effect on HbA1c is uncertain. The authors called for longer and larger trials (Mohammadzaheri et al., BMC Nutr, 2025) [38].
NCCIH summary: "Studies show that pomegranate may reduce blood glucose levels to a small extent" [2].
Glycemic considerations of the fruit itself: Juice keeps the fruit's sugars but loses its fiber. The nutrition table below gives the fiber and sugar in raw arils [4].
Prostate Health
Laboratory work found that a pomegranate extract slowed the growth of human prostate cancer cells implanted in mice (Seeram et al., J Agric Food Chem, 2007) [5]. Trials in men have been mixed, and the placebo-controlled ones were negative.
Early positive study: In a phase II trial of men with a rising PSA after surgery or radiation, 8 ounces (about 240 mL) of Wonderful variety juice a day lengthened mean PSA doubling time from 15 months to 54 months. There was no placebo group, and the authors called for a placebo-controlled trial (Pantuck et al., Clin Cancer Res, 2006) [18].
Dose-comparison study (no placebo): In a trial of 104 men randomised to 1 or 3 g doses of pomegranate extract, median PSA doubling time lengthened from 11.9 to 18.5 months, with no significant difference between doses. The authors said the meaning of this was unclear without a placebo group (Paller et al., Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 2013) [20].
Subsequent negative study: In a placebo-controlled trial of 183 men, PSA doubling time lengthened in both the extract and placebo arms, and the extract did not lengthen it significantly more than placebo (Pantuck et al., Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 2015) [19].
RCT in active surveillance (negative): Men with favorable-risk prostate cancer on active surveillance took 1,000 mg of pomegranate fruit extract (15 men) or placebo (15 men) daily for a year. The extract made no difference to PSA doubling time, IGF-1 levels or biopsy findings compared with placebo, though tumour tissue showed falls from baseline in a DNA damage marker and androgen receptor expression (Jarrard et al., Prostate, 2021) [21].
Preclinical urolithin data: Ellagic acid and several urolithins slowed the growth of human prostate cancer cells in the laboratory [5]. This has not translated into benefit in placebo-controlled trials [19, 21].
Cognitive Function and Memory
12-month RCT (261 randomised): In a year-long trial, 261 adults aged 50 to 75 drank 8 ounces (236.5 mL) of pomegranate juice or a placebo drink daily; 98 in the juice group and 102 on placebo finished. The juice group held steady on one test of visual learning while the placebo group declined; other memory scores did not differ (Siddarth et al., Am J Clin Nutr, 2020) [22].
NCCIH assessment: The limited research completed so far "doesn't allow conclusions to be reached about whether pomegranate is helpful" for other conditions [2].
Exercise Performance and Recovery
Systematic review (2018): A 2018 systematic review concluded that pomegranate may improve endurance, strength and recovery after hard exercise. Benefits were less likely when the product held less than 1.69 g/L of polyphenols, or when 1 hour or less passed between taking it and exercise (Ammar et al., Br J Nutr, 2018) [23].
Mechanism: The same review found that pomegranate may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects around exercise and may improve blood flow responses during it [23].
Inflammation
Meta-analysis of 16 trials: A 2020 meta-analysis of 16 randomised trials (572 people) found that pomegranate lowered hs-CRP by 6.57 mg/L (95% CI -10.04 to -3.10) and TNF-alpha; the IL-6 result's confidence interval included no effect. Standard CRP, E-selectin, ICAM, VCAM and MDA did not change significantly (Wang et al., Complement Ther Med, 2020) [32].
Adverse effect reporting review: Of 66 clinical articles on pomegranate, 11 reported side effects, 21 recorded none and 34 did not mention them; the authors called for better documentation of side effects (Zare et al., J Complement Integr Med, 2024) [30].
Testosterone
The evidence does not show a consistent effect on testosterone.
No effect in prostate cancer patients: Testosterone did not change significantly in men treated with 1 or 3 g doses of pomegranate extract for up to 18 months (Paller et al., Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 2013) [20].
Decreased testosterone in athletes: In nine elite weightlifters, plasma testosterone 3 minutes after a session was lower after polyphenol-rich pomegranate juice than after placebo (Ammar et al., J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 2020) [24].
Erectile Function
In a placebo-controlled crossover trial of 53 men with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction, scores were more likely to improve on pomegranate juice, but the result missed statistical significance (P=0.058) (Forest et al., Int J Impot Res, 2007) [27].
Three men developed priapism after taking sildenafil with pomegranate juice (Senthilkumaran et al., Urol Ann, 2012) [26] (see Drug Interactions).
4. Recommended Dosing
There is no established Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for pomegranate, as it is a food and supplement rather than an essential nutrient. The doses below are those used in trials.
By Form
| Form | Typical Dose | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Pomegranate juice | 240 mL (8 oz) daily | Used in the heart, prostate and memory trials [12, 18, 22] |
| Pomegranate extract (capsules) | 1 g daily | 1 g in an active surveillance trial; 1 or 3 g in a rising-PSA trial [20, 21] |
By Indication
Blood pressure: The 2017 meta-analysis found lower systolic pressure whatever the daily amount of juice [9].
Arterial health / atherosclerosis: A year of juice reduced carotid artery thickness by up to 30% in a 10-patient study [11].
Post-meal blood sugar management: Juice taken with bread blunted the glucose response; the extract supplement in the same study did not [7].
Exercise performance and recovery: Benefits were less likely with low-polyphenol products, or when 1 hour or less passed between taking pomegranate and exercise [23].
Cognitive function: 8 ounces (236.5 mL) daily in the one long-term trial, which found a benefit on a single visual learning test [22].
Inflammation / arthritis: No dose is established; the 2020 meta-analysis pooled 16 trials [32].
Practical Considerations
- Juice has the broadest trial evidence, but it contains sugar [7] and little of the fiber in whole arils.
- Extracts avoid the sugar, but one extract failed to blunt blood sugar after a meal where juice succeeded [7].
- For people with diabetes, whole arils provide fiber that juice lacks [4]. Count juice as part of your sugar intake.
5. Safety and Side Effects
General Safety
The NCCIH states that "pomegranate juice is believed to be safe. Pomegranate extract may also be safe" [2]. A systematic review of 66 clinical articles concluded that pomegranate and its extract seem safe on the side effects reported, and called for better-controlled trials that document side effects (Zare et al., J Complement Integr Med, 2024) [30].
Gastrointestinal Effects
Some people get digestive symptoms [2]. In a review of clinical studies, gastrointestinal problems led the list of reported side effects [30]. In one trial, diarrhea occurred in 1.9% of men in the 1 g extract group and 13.5% in the 3 g group (Paller et al., Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 2013) [20].
Allergic Reactions
Allergic reactions to pomegranate have been reported [2]. In case reports, allergic reaction was the most significant side effect [30]. If you have swelling of the face, lips or tongue, or trouble breathing, after eating pomegranate, call your local emergency number (111 in NZ, 000 in Australia, 911 in the US, 999 in the UK) or go to the emergency department.
Pomegranate Bark and Peel Preparations
Pomegranate root, stem, and peel "may not be safe when consumed in large amounts because they contain substances that can have harmful effects" [2].
Blood Pressure Lowering Effect
Because pomegranate may reduce blood pressure [9, 10], it could add to the effect of blood pressure medicines. If you take them, ask your doctor or pharmacist about drinking pomegranate juice regularly.
Statin Interaction Concern
A 48-year-old man with a possible underlying muscle disorder, taking rosuvastatin and ezetimibe, developed rhabdomyolysis (rapid muscle breakdown) three weeks after starting 200 mL of pomegranate juice twice a week. The authors suggested the juice may raise this risk, though rosuvastatin is not known to be broken down by liver CYP3A4 (Sorokin et al., Am J Cardiol, 2006) [29]. If you take a statin, ask your doctor before drinking pomegranate juice regularly.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Drinking pomegranate juice during pregnancy or while breastfeeding may be safe [2]. Little is known about whether it is safe to use other forms of pomegranate (extracts, bark, peel preparations) or other parts of the plant during pregnancy or breastfeeding [2].
Priapism Risk with PDE-5 Inhibitors
Three men developed low-flow priapism (a prolonged, painful erection) after taking sildenafil together with pomegranate juice; none had other risk factors (Senthilkumaran et al., Urol Ann, 2012) [26]. Priapism needs urgent treatment: call your local emergency number (111 in NZ, 000 in Australia, 911 in the US, 999 in the UK) or go to the emergency department. See Drug Interactions section below.
Caloric and Sugar Content
Raw arils provide 83 kcal per 100 g, much of it from sugars (see the nutrition table) [4]. Juice keeps the sugar but loses the fiber, so people with diabetes should count it in their sugar intake.
6. Drug Interactions
Blood Pressure Medications
Because pomegranate may reduce blood pressure [9, 10], it may add to the effect of blood pressure medicines and cause dizziness or lightheadedness. Check your blood pressure if you drink pomegranate juice regularly while on these medicines.
Statins (HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors)
A case report linked pomegranate juice with rhabdomyolysis in a man taking rosuvastatin; the authors pointed to the juice's known effect on intestinal CYP3A4 [29]. In rats, pomegranate juice blocked enteric (gut) but not liver CYP3A [34]. In 13 healthy volunteers, though, 8 ounces of juice did not change how the body cleared midazolam, a test drug for CYP3A [36]. The clinical meaning is uncertain. If you take a statin, ask your doctor before drinking pomegranate juice regularly.
Warfarin and Other Anticoagulants
A 64-year-old woman on a stable warfarin dose was drinking pomegranate juice 2 to 3 times a week; when she stopped, her INR fell below target and her dose had to be raised. A probability scale rated the link as possible (Komperda, Pharmacotherapy, 2009) [33]. In laboratory tests with human liver microsomes (enzyme preparations), pomegranate juice blocked CYP2C9, one of the enzymes that clears warfarin [35], though in human volunteers juice and extract did not change the clearance of flurbiprofen, another CYP2C9 drug [37]. Arils also contain vitamin K (16.4 mcg per 100 g) [4]. If you take warfarin, tell your doctor before starting or stopping pomegranate, and avoid sudden changes in how much you drink.
Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) Inhibitors
Three cases of priapism have been linked to taking sildenafil (Viagra) with pomegranate juice [26]. If you take sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil or avanafil, discuss pomegranate juice with your doctor first.
Cytochrome P450 Interactions (General)
In laboratory tests with human liver microsomes, pomegranate juice almost completely blocked CYP3A and CYP2C9, two enzymes that clear many drugs [34, 35]. In rats, it raised blood levels of carbamazepine about 1.5-fold and tolbutamide about 1.2-fold [34, 35]. Studies in people have not confirmed this: juice did not change midazolam clearance [36], and juice or a 1-g extract capsule did not change flurbiprofen clearance [37].
If you take prescription medicines, check with your doctor or pharmacist before starting.
General Recommendation
The NCCIH advises: "If you take any type of medicine, talk with your health care provider before using any herbal product; some herbs and medicines interact in harmful ways" [2]. This matters most for people taking blood pressure drugs, statins, warfarin or PDE-5 inhibitors.
7. Dietary Sources
Whole Pomegranate Fruit (Arils)
Pomegranate arils can be eaten raw, added to salads, sprinkled over yogurt or oatmeal, or blended into smoothies. They provide about 4 g of fiber per 100 g, which juice lacks [4].
Pomegranate Juice
Widely available commercially. Look for 100% pomegranate juice without added sugars. Juice pressed from whole fruit contains far more punicalagin than juice from the arils alone [31]. The heart and memory trials used about 8 ounces (240 mL) daily [12, 22].
Pomegranate Molasses
A concentrated reduction of pomegranate juice used in Middle Eastern and Mediterranean cuisine. Commonly employed in marinades, salad dressings, glazes, and as a souring agent for meats. Provides concentrated polyphenols but also concentrated sugars. Not typically used in a supplement context but can contribute to dietary polyphenol intake.
Pomegranate Seed Oil
Pomegranate seed oil is pressed from the seeds and sold as a supplement and for skin care. The trials summarised above tested juice or fruit extracts, not seed oil.
Nutritional Profile of Raw Pomegranate Arils (per 100 g)
| Nutrient | Amount |
|---|---|
| Energy | 83 kcal |
| Protein | 1.67 g |
| Total Fat | 1.17 g |
| Carbohydrates | 18.7 g |
| Dietary Fiber | 4 g |
| Sugars | 13.67 g |
| Vitamin C | 10.2 mg |
| Vitamin K | 16.4 mcg |
| Folate | 38 mcg |
| Potassium | 236 mg |
| Copper | 0.158 mg |
| Sodium | 3 mg |
Source: USDA FoodData Central, SR Legacy record 169134, "Pomegranates, raw", values per 100 g [4].
Seasonal Availability and Storage
Pomegranates are typically in season from September through February in the Northern Hemisphere. Whole fruits can be stored at room temperature for up to two weeks or refrigerated for up to two months. Arils can be separated and frozen for long-term storage without significant loss of nutritional value. Pomegranate juice, concentrates, and extract supplements are available year-round.
Arils vs. Juice: A Practical Comparison
| Factor | Arils (whole fruit) | Juice |
|---|---|---|
| Dietary fiber | ~4 g per 100 g [4] | Little or none |
| Punicalagin | Traces in aril-only juice [31] | 1500 to 1900 mg/L in whole-fruit juice [31] |
| Convenience | Seasonal; requires preparation | Year-round; ready to drink |
Arils give fiber, while whole-fruit juice gives more punicalagin.
8. References
[2] National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH). "Pomegranate." Updated April 2025. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/pomegranate
[4] U.S. Department of Agriculture, FoodData Central. "Pomegranates, raw." SR Legacy, FDC ID 169134. https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/169134/nutrients
[5] Seeram NP, Aronson WJ, Zhang Y, et al. Pomegranate ellagitannin-derived metabolites inhibit prostate cancer growth and localize to the mouse prostate gland. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55(19):7732-7737. PMID: 17722872. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17722872/
[7] Kerimi A, Nyambe-Silavwe H, Gauer JS, et al. Pomegranate juice, but not an extract, confers a lower glycemic response on a high-glycemic index food: randomized, crossover, controlled trials in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(6):1384-1393. PMID: 29021286. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29021286/
[8] Aviram M, Dornfeld L. Pomegranate juice consumption inhibits serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity and reduces systolic blood pressure. Atherosclerosis. 2001;158(1):195-198. PMID: 11500191. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11500191/
[9] Sahebkar A, Ferri C, Giorgini P, et al. Effects of pomegranate juice on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res. 2017;115:149-161. PMID: 27888156. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27888156/
[10] Bahari H, Omidian K, Goudarzi K, et al. The effects of pomegranate consumption on blood pressure in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res. 2024;38(5):2234-2248. PMID: 38410857. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38410857/
[11] Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini D, et al. Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation. Clin Nutr. 2004;23(3):423-433. PMID: 15158307. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15158307/
[12] Sumner MD, Elliott-Eller M, Weidner G, et al. Effects of pomegranate juice consumption on myocardial perfusion in patients with coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(6):810-814. PMID: 16169367. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16169367/
[13] Sahebkar A, Simental-Mendía LE, Giorgini P, et al. Lipid profile changes after pomegranate consumption: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytomedicine. 2016;23(11):1103-1112. PMID: 26857863. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26857863/
[14] Aziz Z, Huin WK, Hisham MDB, et al. Effects of pomegranate on lipid profiles: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Complement Ther Med. 2020;48:102236. PMID: 31987256. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31987256/
[15] Banihani SA, Makahleh SM, El-Akawi Z, et al. Fresh pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance, enhances beta-cell function, and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetic patients. Nutr Res. 2014;34(10):862-867. PMID: 25223711. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25223711/
[16] Bahari H, Ashtary-Larky D, Goudarzi K, et al. The effects of pomegranate consumption on glycemic indices in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2024;18(1):102940. PMID: 38194826. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38194826/
[18] Pantuck AJ, Leppert JT, Zomorodian N, et al. Phase II study of pomegranate juice for men with rising prostate-specific antigen following surgery or radiation for prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(13):4018-4026. PMID: 16818701. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16818701/
[19] Pantuck AJ, Pettaway CA, Dreicer R, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of pomegranate extract on rising PSA levels in men following primary therapy for prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2015;18(3):242-248. PMID: 26169045. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26169045/
[20] Paller CJ, Ye X, Wozniak PJ, et al. A randomized phase II study of pomegranate extract for men with rising PSA following initial therapy for localized prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2013;16(1):50-55. PMID: 22689129. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22689129/
[21] Jarrard D, Filon M, Huang W, et al. A phase II randomized placebo-controlled trial of pomegranate fruit extract in men with localized prostate cancer undergoing active surveillance. Prostate. 2021;81(1):41-49. PMID: 33095939. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33095939/
[22] Siddarth P, Li Z, Miller KJ, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled study of the memory effects of pomegranate juice in middle-aged and older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111(1):170-177. PMID: 31711104. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31711104/
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